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Journal of Planning Education and Research, Vol. 27, No. 3, 261-276 (2008)
DOI: 10.1177/0739456X07308448
© 2008 Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning

Empowering Communities through Deliberation The Model of Community Benefits Agreements

Murtaza H. Baxamusa

University of Southern California and specializes in community and economic development

This article presents some insights into making participatory processes meaningful. It argues that these processes need to expressly empower communities through grassroots organizing, coalition building, and democratic deliberation. Community benefits agreements are new models of this power process. These are private agreements between community coalitions and developers. Case studies of two large projects in California, the Los Angeles International Airport expansion in Los Angeles and the Ballpark Village in San Diego, are presented. These studies demonstrate certain unique features that make participation an exercise in the redistribution of power.

Key Words: community benefits agreements • participatory process • community empowerment • deliberative democracy • development agreements


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